| Grades 1–2 | Letter-sound links, blends and digraphs, short and long vowel patterns, sight-word automaticity, basic phrasing when reading aloud. | High-frequency word meanings, concrete nouns and verbs, simple synonyms and antonyms, picture clues, basic prefixes like un- and re-. | Singular and plural nouns, present and past tense verbs, adjectives, capitals and end punctuation, complete sentences vs. fragments. | Complete sentences, adding who/what/where detail, responding to a prompt, spacing and capitals, telling vs. asking sentences. |
| Grades 3–4 | Multisyllabic decoding, steady reading pace with accuracy, expression in longer texts, self-correction, purposeful reading of informational texts. | Tier 2 academic words (analyze, contrast, summarize), common prefixes and suffixes, multiple-meaning words, dictionary and glossary use. | Compound sentences with conjunctions, pronoun agreement, possessives and contractions, commas in lists, subject-verb agreement, paragraph conventions. | Paragraph structure (topic, body, closing), opinion writing with reasons, sequenced narratives, revising for clarity and detail. |
| Grade 5 | Close reading of complex texts, using context for unknown words, pace matched to comprehension, summarizing vs. retelling. | Greek and Latin roots, subject-specific academic words, figurative language, signal words (however, therefore, moreover). | Perfect verb tenses, correlative conjunctions, expanding and shortening sentences for effect, tense consistency, commas after introductory clauses. | Multi-paragraph opinion and informative essays, thesis statements, evidence and transitions, revision vs. editing, introduction to citing sources. |